Polycarp Was Part
of The
Original 1st & 2nd Christian Church. Early Christian Authorities "The Apostolic
Fathers.
Polycarp of Smyrna (born ~70 ca. 69- was a Christian
bishop of Smyrna- died (martyred) ~155 A.D
in Rome) Polycarp’s
Writings-(in POLYCARP-ccel) + Ignatius of Antioch + MORE In wikipedia.org/wiki/--Polycarp-No Mention
of Jesus being Homoousion
in Polycarp’s Writings ( Homoousion-of One Substance with His Father. Heb1-3.htm) The
word that made Jesus God-Open Homoousion.htm
No mention of Jn 1:1 in Polycarp’s Writings Compare GODorgod.htm
1 John 4:2,3-open In Context is in Polycarp’s Writings
Jesus Came In
The Flesh—No Mention of (God 010.htm) Came in The Flesh as Christendom Teaches-Study Is Jesus Real To
You Part 2
SatanAndJesus.htm and
more in John1-1c.htm
& Coptics.htm Two Quick Items of Commentary ( one) in T M of POLYCARP (one) Is
3:2 and 9:2 appears the phrase "Away with the atheists." Roman
persecutors called the Christians "atheists" because they refused to
Worship the Roman gods. In 9:2 Polycarp
says "Away with the atheists" in irony, referring to the unbelieving
Romans in the stadium.
You Can Compare the below with Polycarp8-1Plus.htm
–( Two) Commentary Note--Godhead.htm Who
Wrote The Greek Bible Grammatical Rules?—CONSIDER THE SOURCE: For The Bible That You Read? “and the Word was God,” Open About what is Valid in
Theology and BiblicalTheology
- Father What Bible Publishers are printing the word Eternal right to the context-- Get The Different
Meanings of Eternal EternalSonOfGod.htm
With/
Study of TheEternalOneGod.htm—Worshipping false imaginary images of GOD’S Head
is (idolatry) Idolatrous. Note That Jesus is the image of God –an image is not the original -Study
-
Plus Who did Jesus say to Worship? Open (PROSKUNEO in Greek)
Polycarp by Glenn Davis, 1997-2007.
Polycarp, Greek bishop of
His major writing, The Letter to the Philippians, is intimately connected
with the epistles and martyrdom of Ignatius. About 110 CE, while
en route to
By his letter, and by his widespread moral authority, Polycarp
combated the Marcionites
(from
(Compare Myths.htm- GODorgod.htm- Jn1-1-1Tim3-16-1Jn5-7.htm
MythsAndMythology.htm-
MysteryVersesPlusMore.htm-The Reason Why
Most Churches Teach People That Jesus Is God. Study 58 For More Trindirty
History development Open T )
Despite the proximity in time between Ignatius and Polycarp, as well as the obvious affinity of their spirits in Christian fortitude, one recognizes in Polycarp a temperament much less oriented to ecclesiastical polity and possessing a much wider acquaintance with the New Testament. Proportionate to the length of what they wrote, Polycarp has two or three times more quotations and reminiscences from the New Testament that does Ignatius. Of 112 Biblical reminiscences, about 100 are from the New Testament with only a dozen from the Old Testament. Polycarp does not refer to older Christian writings by name, but The Letter to the Philippians has quotations (of approval) from these writings:
Polycarp and the Gospel according to Matthew
Polycarp and the Gospel according to Mark
Polycarp and the Gospel according to Luke
Polycarp and Acts
Polycarp and Romans
Polycarp and I Corinthians
Polycarp and II Corinthians
Polycarp and Galatians
Polycarp and Ephesians
Polycarp and Philippians
Polycarp and I Thessalonians
Polycarp and II Thessalonians
Polycarp and I Timothy
Polycarp and II Timothy
Polycarp and Hebrews
Polycarp and I Peter
Polycarp and I John
Polycarp and III John
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Pages created by Glenn Davis,
1997-2007.
The Development of the Canon of the New Testament
|
| Writings
| Table | Lists | Places | Heresies | Miscellaneous | for more Information |
Early
Christian Authorities
Ignatius of Antioch
Polycarp
of Smyrna
Marcion
Valentinus
Justin Martyr
Irenaeus
of Lyons
Clement of Alexandria
Tertullian
of Carthage
Muratorian
Canon
Origen
Eusebius of Caesarea
codex Sinaiticus
Athanasius
of Alexandria
Didymus
the Blind
Peshitta
Vulgate
- You have to open these from the web site
- Gospel according to Matthew
- http://www.ntcanon.org/Polycarp.shtml#Gospel_of_Matthew#Gospel_of_Matthew
- Gospel according to Mark
- Gospel according to Luke
- Acts
- I Corinthians
- II Corinthians
- Galatians
- Ephesians
- Philippians
- I Thessalonians
- II Thessalonians
- I Timothy
- II Timothy
- Hebrews
- I Peter
- I John
- III John
In fact, The Letter to the Philippians is a mosaic of quotations from both Old Testament and Christian writings. The letter is important for its early testimony to the existence of various other New Testament texts. English translations of the letter are in the books [LHH] and [Richardson] , and online at Noncanonical Homepage and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. The quotations below follow [Richardson]. For a summary of this evidence see the Cross Reference Table.
Polycarp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Martyr and Bishop of |
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Born |
AD. ca. 69, |
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Died |
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Venerated in |
Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran
Church |
For other uses, see Polycarp (disambiguation).
Polycarp
of Smyrna (ca. 69- ca. 155) was a Christian
bishop of Smyrna (now İzmir
in Turkey) in the second century. He died a martyr when he was
stabbed after an attempt to burn him at the stake failed. Polycarp
is recognized as a saint
in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. It is recorded
that "He had been a disciple of John." The options for this John are John
the son of Zebedee traditionally viewed as the author of the Fourth Gospel,
or John the Presbyter (Lake 1912). Traditional
advocates follow Eusebius in insisting that the apostolic
connection of Papius was with John the Evangelist, and that this John, the
author of the Gospel of John, was the same as the Apostle
John.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Polycarp and Papias
Polycarp
was a companion of Papias
(Irenaeus V.xxxii) another "hearer of John" as Irenaeus interprets
Papias' testimony, and a correspondent of Ignatius of Antioch. Ignatius addressed a letter
to him, and mentions him in the letters to the Ephesians and to the Magnesians.
Polycarp's famous pupil was Irenaeus, for whom the memory of Polycarp was a link to the
apostolic past.
Irenaeus
relates how and when he became a Christian and in his letter to Florinus stated that he
saw and heard him personally in lower Asia; in particular he heard the account
of Polycarp's discussion with John the Evangelist and with others who had
seen Jesus.
Irenaeus also reports that Polycarp was converted to Christianity by apostles,
was consecrated a bishop and communicated with many who had seen Jesus. He
repeatedly emphasizes the very great age of Polycarp. The Martyrdom has
Polycarp himself indicate his age on the day of his death, with the phrase
"Eighty and six years I have served him", which is understood to mean
that he was 86 years old, thus indicating that his family had accepted Christianity
while he was an infant.[1].
[edit] Visit to
Anicetus, Bishop of Rome
Polycarp
visited Rome during
the time of his fellow Syrian, Anicetus, Bishop of Rome, in the 150s or 160s, and they
might have found their customs for observing the Christian Passover differed, Polycarp following
the eastern practice of celebrating Passover on the 14th of
Nisan, the day of the Jewish Passover, regardless of what day of the week it fell.
[edit] Surviving
writings and early accounts
His
sole surviving work is his Letter to the Philippians,
a mosaic of references to the Greek Scriptures. It, and an account of The Martyrdom of Polycarp that takes
the form of a circular letter from the church of Smyrna to the churches of Pontus, form part
of the collection of writings term "The Apostolic
Fathers" to emphasize their particular closeness to the apostles in
Church traditions. The Martyrdom is considered one of the earliest
genuine account of a Christian martyrdom, and one of the very few genuine
accounts from the actual age of the persecutions.
[edit] Span of life
The
date of Polycarp's death is in dispute. Eusebius dates it to the reign of Marcus
Aurelius, circa 166
– 167. However, a
post-Eusebian addition to the Martyrdom of Polycarp dates his death to
Saturday, February
23 in the proconsulship of Statius Quadratus—which works out to be 155 or 156. These earlier dates
better fit the tradition of his association with Ignatius and John the Evangelist. However, the
addition to the Martyrdom cannot be considered reliable on only its own
merits. Further, numerous lines of evidence have been given to place the dating
of Polycarp's death to the end of the 160s, perhaps even later. James
Ussher, for example, calculated this to 169; William Killen seems
to agree with this dating. Some of those evidences include that the Martyrdom
uses the singular when referring to the Emperor and Marcus
Aurelius only became the sole emperor of Rome in 169 (and beginning in 161); Eusebius and Jerome both state
Polycarp died under Marcus Aurelius (cf. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers,
Vol. 1, pp. 629, 632); this martyrdom took place during a major persecution,
which could correspond to the late 160s or the one in 177 with that of Lyons
and Vienne (Ibid., pp. 629-30). Lightfoot would argue for the earlier
date of Polycarp's death, to which others such as Killen would greatly disagree.[2]
[edit] The "Great
Sabbath"
Because
in the Smyrnaean letter known as the Martyrdom of Polycarp it states
that Polycarp was taken on the day of the preparation and killed on the
Great Sabbath, some believe that this is evidence that the Smyrnaeans under
Polycarp observed the seventh day Sabbath.
Historians
such as William Cave who have written, "...the Sabbath or Saturday (for so
the word sabbatum is constantly used in the writings of the fathers, when
speaking of it as it relates to Christians) was held by them in great
veneration, and especially in the Eastern parts honoured with all the public
solemnities of religion." (Cave William, D.D. Primitive Christianity: or
the Religion of the Ancient Christians in the First Ages of the Gospel. 1840
edition revised by H. Cary. Oxford, London, pp. 84-85).
Some
feel that the expression, the Great Sabbath refers to the Christian Passover or another annual holy day.
If so, then the martrydom would have had to have been between one and two
months later as Nisan 14 (the date that Polycarp observed Passover) cannot come
before the end of March in any year. Other Great Sabbaths (if this is
referring to what are commonly considered to be Jewish holy days, though
observed by many early professors of Christ) come in the Spring, late summer,
or Fall. None occur in the winter.
These
conjectures would be at odds with the Biblical evidence that suggests the
common practice for Christians was in keeping the first day of the week (see
Acts 20:7; 1 Corinthians 16:1, 2; Mark 16:9; etc.). The Great Sabbath may be
alluded to in the Gospel of John (John 7:37). This is called the Last Great Day
and is a stand-alone annual holy day immediately following the Feast of Tabernacles.
[edit] Importance
Polycarp
occupies an important place in the history of the Christian Church. He is among
the earliest Christians whose writings survive. It is probable that he knew John
the Apostle, the disciple of Jesus. He was an elder of an important congregation in an area
where the apostles laboured. And he is from an era whose
orthodoxy is widely accepted by Orthodox
Churches, Oriental Churches, Seventh Day Church
of God groups, Protestants and Catholics
alike. All of this makes his writings of great interest.
Polycarp
was not a philosopher or theologian. He appears, from surviving accounts, to
have been a practical leader and gifted teacher, "a man who was of much
greater weight, and a more steadfast witness of truth, than Valentinus,
and Marcion,
and the rest of the heretics," said Irenaeus, who remembered him from his
youth. (Adversus
Haereses III.3.4). He lived in an age after the deaths of the apostles,
when a variety of interpretations of the sayings of Jesus were being preached.
His role was to authenticate orthodox teachings through his reputed connection
with the apostle John. Surviving accounts of the bravery of this very old man
in the face of death by burning at the stake added credence to his words.
His
martyrdom is of particular importance in understanding the position of the
church in the pagan era of the Roman Empire. While the persecution is supported
by the local proconsul, the author of the account noted the bloodthirstiness of
the crowd in their calls for the death of Polycarp (Chp. 3). Additionally, the
account also demonstrates the complexity of the Roman government's position
toward Christianity, since the Christians are given the opportunity to recant and
are not punished immediately as confessed criminals. This rather odd judicial
system toward the crime of Christianity will later be derided by Tertullian
in his Apology.
Polycarp
was a great transmitter and authenticator of Christian Revelation
in a period when the gospels and epistles were just beginning to achieve
acceptance. Although his visit to Rome to meet the Bishop was significant and
has long been used by the Roman Catholic Church to buttress papal
claims, the documented truth according to Catholic sources is that Polycarp did
not accept the authority of the Roman Bishops to change Passover (rather, they
agreed to disagree, both believing their practice to be Apostolic) -- nor did
some of those who have been suggested to be his spiritual successors, such as Melito
of Sardis and Polycrates of Ephesus.
The
chief sources of information concerning Polycarp are four: the authentic epistles of Ignatius, which include one to
Polycarp; Polycarp's Epistle to the
Philippians; passages in Irenaeus' Adversus Haeresis;
and the letter of the Smyrnaeans recounting the martyrdom
of Polycarp.
[edit] References
1.
^ So Andrew Louth's notes
on the Martyrdom in Penguin Classics' "Early Christian Writings".
2.
^ These points are best
articulated by Killen himself, which were originally composed on 1886. For a
modern printing, see Journal of Higher Criticism, vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring
2001): "The Ignatian Epistles Entirely Spurious", pp. 91-143.
[edit] External links
· Letter
to the Phillipians from the Ante-Nicene Fathers
· Corrected
Translation of Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians This corrects an
omission of a Latin word that Roberts and Donaldson accidentally omitted.
· Early
Christian Writings: Polycarp; text and introductions
· Paul N.
Tobin, "The Apostolic Succession: Polycarp and Clement": A
skeptical assessment finds inconsistencies in the tradition as reported in this
article.
· Location of the
Early Church: Another Look at Rome, Ephesus & Smyrna This documented
article explains some of the reasons why the history of the orthodox Church in
the second century should be traced through John and Polycarp.
· "The Martyrdom
of Polycarp": The contemporary account of his death in the letter of
the Smyrnaeans.
· The Catholic
Encyclopedia: "Polycarp"
· Patron
Saints: Polycarp of Smyrna
· The
Golden Legend: Polycarp of Smyrna
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp"
Categories: 69 births | 155 deaths | Ancient Roman Christianity | Eastern Orthodox saints | Anti-Gnosticism | Apostolic Fathers | Christian martyrs of the
Roman era | Church Fathers | Greek saints | Saints from Anatolia | 2nd century bishops
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